The Predictive Ability of Fear of Compassion and Self-Compassion to Smiling Depression Among Those with the Highest Job Titles

Authors

  • نور محمد أبو مسامح| Noor Mohammed Abu Msameh Yarmouk University
  • أحمد عبد الله الشريفين| Ahmad Abdallah Al-Shraifin Yarmouk University
  • عبير محمد الرفاعي| Abeer Mohammed Al-Rifai Yarmouk University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33977/1182-012-034-003

Keywords:

Fear of Compassion, Self-Compassion, Smiling Depression, Those with the Highest Job Titles.

Abstract

This study aimed to reveal the predictive ability of fear of compassion and self-compassion to smiling depression among those with the highest job titles. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the second picklist (BDI-II), smiling depression scale, fear of compassion scale prepared by Gilbert, McEwan, Catarino, Baiao, and Palmeira (2014), and the self-compassion scale prepared by Neff (2003a). The sample of the study consisted of 156 individuals with the highest job titles who had an average level of depression and more according to their grades on the Beck Depression Scale. The results of the study showed that the relative contribution of the variables of fear of compassion and self-compassion in explaining the variance of smiling depression was 29.9% and 2.1% respectively. The results indicated that there is difference in the predictive ability to fear compassion with smiling depression due to different gender variable, in favor of females, and there are no difference in predictive ability of self compassion with smiling depression among those with highest job titles due to different gender variable.

Author Biographies

نور محمد أبو مسامح| Noor Mohammed Abu Msameh, Yarmouk University

 

 طالبة دكتوراه في الارشاد النفسيفي جامعة اليرموك

مرشة في وزارة التربية والتعليم الاردنية

أحمد عبد الله الشريفين| Ahmad Abdallah Al-Shraifin, Yarmouk University

Associate Professor of Psychological Counselling

Yarmouk University



عبير محمد الرفاعي| Abeer Mohammed Al-Rifai, Yarmouk University

استاذ مشارك - مناهج الدراسات الاجتماعية واساليب تدريسها 

 

        

References

أولاً: المصادر والمراجع العربية

- آدم، بسماء والشيخ، كنان. (2018). الشفقة بالذات وعلاقتها بالسعادة النفسية دراسة ميدانية على عينة من طلبة جامعة دمشق. مجلة جامعة طرطوس للبحوث والدراسات العلمية – سلسلة الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية، 2(1)، 45- 72.

- الطعيمة، إيمان. (2018). الصلابة النفسية وعلاقتها بالاكتئاب لدى اللاجئين السوريين في مخيم الزعتري. رسالة ماجستير، متاح على قاعدة بيانات دار المنظومة، (MD: 958009).

- علوان، عماد. (2016). الشفقة بالذات والشعور بالذنب لدى الأحداث الجانحين المودعين بدار الملاحظة الاجتماعية بمدينة أبها. المجلة الدولية التربوية المتخصصة، 5(9)، 1-22.

- مقدادي، أمنة والشريفين، أحمد. (2020). القدرة التنبؤية للشفقة بالذات والتحيزات المعرفية وأنماط التعلق باضطراب الشخصية النرجسية لدى طلبة الجامعات الأردنية. مجلة الجامعة الإسلامية للدراسات التربوية والنفسية، 6(28)، 1-29.

- موللر، أوكين. (2002). النساء في الفكر السياسي الغربي. (ترجمة: أمام عبدالفتاح إمام). القاهرة: المجلس الأعلى للثقافة.

ثانياً: ترجمة المصادر والمراجع العربية إلى اللغة الإنجليزية

- Aadam. B. & Al-Sheikh, K. (2018). Self Compassion and its relation with Psychological Well- field study on a sample of Damascus Being A University students. Tartous University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies –Arts and Humanities Series, 2(1), 45-72.

- Aalwan, E. (2016). Self Compassion and guilt among juvenile delinquents being held in social observation center in Abha. International Specialist Educational Journal, 5 (9), 1-22.

- Al-Taima, I. (2018). Psychological Hardness and its Relation to Depression Among Syrian Refugees in al-Zaatari Camp. Master Thesis, available on the Dar Al-Manzumah database, (MD: 958009).

- Miqdadi, A. & Al-Sharifin, A. (2020). The predictive ability of Self compassion and cognitive biases and patterns of attachment to narcissistic personality disorder among Jordanian university students. Journal of the Islamic University for Educational and Psychological Studies, 6 (28), 1-29.

- Muller, O. (2002). Women in Western political thought. (Translation: Imam Abdel Fattah Imam). Cairo: The Supreme Council of Culture.

ثالثاً: المصادر والمراجع الأجنبية

- Allen, N. & Knight, W. (2005). Mindfulness, Compassion for Self, and Compassion for Others: Implications for Understanding the Psychopathology and Treatment of Depression. New York, NY, US: Rutledge.

- Allen, A. & Leary, M. (2010). Self-compassion stress and coping. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 107-118.

- Arimitsu, K. & Hofmann, S. (2015). Cognition as mediators in the relationship between self-compassion and affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 41-48.

- Barry, C., Loflin, D. & Doucette, H. (2015). Adolescent self-compassion: Association with narcissism, self-esteem, aggression, and internalizing symptoms in at-risk males. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 118-123.

- Brach, T. (2003). Radical Acceptance: Embracing Your Life with the Heart of a Buddha. New York: Bantam.

- Buzuk, G., Lojko, D., Owecki, M., Ruchata, M. &Rybakowski, J. (2016). Depression with atypical features in various types of affective disorders. Psychiatr, Pol, 50(4), 827–838.

- Case, S., Sawhney, M. & Stewart, J. (2018). Atypical depression and double depression predict new-onset cardiovascular disease in U.S. adults. Depress Anxiety, 35, 10-16.

- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Depression. Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Retrieved on 14/6/2019 from: http://www.cd c.gov/injury/wisqars/ index.html.

- Davis, M. (1996). Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.

- Demetriou, L. (2019). The smiling depression of the social media: psychological aspects of social media on mental sell-Being. Retrieved on 9/6/2019 from: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio n/330754325.

- Elmer, J. (2018). Smiling Depression: What You Need to Know. Retrieved on 29/5/2019 from: https://www.healthline/health/smiling-depression

- Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion Focused Therapy: Distinctive Features. England, London: Routledge.

- Gilbert, P., Catarino, F., Duarte, C., Matos, M., Kolts, R., Stubbs, J., Ceresatto, L., Duarte, J., Pinto-Gouveia, J. &Basran, J. (2017). The development of compassionate engagement and action scales for self and others. Journal of Compassionate Health Care, 4(4), 1-24.

- Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Catarino, F., Baiao, R. &Palmeira, L. (2014). Fears of happiness and compassion in relationship with depression, alexithymia, and attachment security in a depressed sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 228- 244.

- Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Gibbons, L., Chotai, S., Duarte, J. & Matos, M. (2012). Fears of compassion and happiness in relation to alexithymia, mindfulness, and self-criticism. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85, 374- 390.

- Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M. &Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 84(3), 239 –255.

- Gilbert, P. & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379.

- Hattie, J. (1985). Methodology review: Assessing unidimensionality of tests anditenls. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(2), 139-164

- Hoisington, W. (2009). A Theory of Compassion Development First Draft Posted. Retrieved on 24/5/2019 from: www.CompassionSpace.com.

- Korniloff, K., Kotiaho, S., Vanhala, M., Kautianen, H., Koponen, H. &Mantyselk, P. (2017). Musculoskeletal pain in melancholic and atypical depression. Pain Medicine, 18, 341–347.

- Labeaune, R. (2014). Smiling Depression... Is nothing to smile about. Retrieved on 15/5/2019 from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-guest-room/201411/smiling-depression.

- Leary, M., Tate, E., Adams, C. & Allen, A. (2007). Self compassion and reactions to unpleasant self relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904.

- Lee, S., Ng, K. & Tsang, A. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of depression with atypical symptoms in Hong Kong. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(12), 1147-1154.

- MacBeth, A. &Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A metaanalysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 545–552.

- Martin, N. (2013). The Awakened Life. Retrieved on 11/6/2019 from: http://awakenedlife.me/2013/07/03/fear-of-accepting-compassion-fro m-others.

- Matos, M., Duarte, J. & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017). The origins of fears of compassion: Shame and lack of safeness memories, fears of compassion and psychopathology. The Journal of Psychology, 151(8), 804-819.

- Neff, K. (2003a). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.

- Neff, K. (2003b). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2 (2), 85–101.

- Neff, K., Kirkpatrick, L., Stephanie, B. & Rude, S. (2007). Self compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139–154.

- Neff, K. & Lamb, L. (2009). The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. New Jersy: Blackwell Publishing.

- Neff, K. & Pittman, M. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, (9), 225–240.

- Neff, K. McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225–240

- Pauley, G. & McPherson, S. (2010). The experience and meaning of compassion and self-compassion for individuals with depression or anxiety. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 83, 129 –143.

- Raes, F. (2011). The effect of self-compassion on the development of depression symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Mindfulness, (2), 33–36.

- Scott, C., Carol, R., Diane, B. & Kevin, C. (2013). Comparing self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological flexibility as predictors of psychological health. Mindfulness, 5(4), 410-421.

- Sherri, L. &Ju, R. (2015). Mediators between self-criticism and depression: Fear of compassion, self-compassion, and importance to others. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 453– 463.

- Takeuchi, T., Nakao, M., Kachi, Y. & Yano, E. (2013). Association of metabolic syndrome with atypical features of depression in Japanese people. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67, 532–539.

- Thase, M. (2009). Atypical depression: Useful concept, but it’s time to revise the DSM-IV criteria. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 2633- 2641.

- Walker, L. &Colosimob, K. (2010). Mindfulness, self compassion, and happiness in non-meditators: A theoretical and empirical examination. Personality and Individual Differences,50(2), 222-227.

- Yoon, H., Kim, Y., Lee, H., Kwon, D. & Kim, L. (2012). Role of cytokines in atypical depression. Nord J Psychiatry, 66,183–188.

Published

2021-05-16

How to Cite

Noor Mohammed Abu Msameh ن. م. أ. م., Ahmad Abdallah Al-Shraifin أ. ع. ا. ا., & Abeer Mohammed Al-Rifai ع. م. ا. (2021). The Predictive Ability of Fear of Compassion and Self-Compassion to Smiling Depression Among Those with the Highest Job Titles. Journal of Al-Quds Open University for Educational & Psychological Research & Studies, 12(34). https://doi.org/10.33977/1182-012-034-003

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Obs.: This plugin requires at least one statistics/report plugin to be enabled. If your statistics plugins provide more than one metric then please also select a main metric on the admin's site settings page and/or on the journal manager's settings pages.